A possible Essential Question: What were the causes of conflict between the early settlers (missionaries and pioneers) and Cayuse Indians that led to the Whitman Massacre?
PRIMARY SOURCES:
ON LINE:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/collections/pacific/history.html
American Indians of the Pacific Northwest includes primary and secondary text sources, over 2,000 photographs, and a special presentation of ten essays. Together, these materials tell the story of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, from their first contact with European explorers in the 18th century to life on reservations in the 20th century. Primary sources include six treaties and over 3,800 pages from the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Secondary sources include over 100 scholarly articles that can assist in understanding this complex chapter in United States history.
http://www.isu.edu/~trinmich/00.ar.sager1.html
Across the Plains in 1844 by Catherine Sager Pringle - see Chapter II Waiilatpu Massacre, 1847. "This is the autobiographical account of a girl orphaned on the Oregon Trail who survived the Waiilatpu Massacre of 1847 at the mission of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman in Oregon. The Sager family has been the subject of fiction, but this is her actual description of these events."
http://gesswhoto.com/whitman.html
Letter from the original account of Mary Marsh Cason
http://gesswhoto.com/cayuse.html
Several letters written by the surviving personnel of Captain Lawrence Hall's company of Oregon Volunteers. You'll read vivid, firsthand accounts of the hardships endured, battles fought, and "roll call" recollections of the surviving few.
PRINT:
Gates, Charles Marvin, Ed. Readings in Pacific Northwes History. Washington, 1790-1895. University Bookstory, Seattle, WA. 1941. Jernegan Collection.
Williams, Burton J., Ed. Washinglton: Readings in the History of the Evergreen State. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA. ND Jernegan Collection.
Whitman, Narcissa. My Journal Ye Galleon Press, Fairfield, WA. 1982. EVHS Library call # 917.8 WHI.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
ON LINE SOURCES:
EBSCO Host
DYING TO SAVE. By: Galli, Mark. Christian History, 2000, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p38, 1p, 1bw; Reading Level (Lexile): 1070; (AN 3107947) HTML Full Text with GraphicsHTML Full Text
http://bluebook.state.or.us/cultural/history/history11.htm
http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5192
NetTrekker
Nettrekker serves as a portal to the Internet. Below are two examples, but many more sites are found.
The Whitman Mission - Translate Website w/Dictionary
http://www.endoftheoregontra ... itman.html
A brief description of the Whitman Mission, the first Americans in the Oregon Country. It also gives an account of the brutal attack on the Whitmans by the Cayuse Indians.
Spartacus Educational: American West - Translate Website w/Dictionary
http://www.spartacus.schooln ... anwest.htm
Spartacus Educational provides a wealth of information regarding the American expansion westward. Scroll down the page to find the Contents, which includes numerous biographies, a focus on key events and issues, critical trails and places, Native American tribes, forts and cities, equipment, wildlife, and more from the American West! Plus, many articles are supplemented with primary source documents for added value.
http://gesswhoto.com/centennial-whitman-massacre.html
Excerpt From, "The Centennial History of Oregon 1811-1911" By Joseph Gaston * Volume One
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/whitman.htm
http://www.nps.gov/archive/whmi/history/nov29.htm
VIDEO STREAMING:
http://www.unitedstreaming.com
1. Native America: Conflict The early history of the United States of America is filled with conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers. In this program, students learn how a rapidly expanding new nation affected the Native Americans who lived here for thousands of years. Students learn about the collision of these two worlds--the struggle for resources and land, the needs of a new nation, and the survival of a people. Native America: Conflict. United Learning. 2000. unitedstreaming. 12 March 2006 <
2. Native America: Contact Before the arrival of the Europeans, many cultures prospered and thrived in North America. But contact with the Europeans dramatically transformed these Native Americans forever. This video examines the profound effects of this contact. Students will learn why the Americas attracted Europeans; how attitudes about the environment and property differed between the groups; the effects of the fur trade; and how Europeans brought with them something they didn't know they had--parasitic diseases that destroyed thousands of Native American people - Native America: Contact. United Learning. 2000. unitedstreaming. 12 March 2006
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/whitman.htm -
Cayuse Indians: PBS - The West - Marcus and Narcissa Whitman: Biographical information.
http://www.nps.gov/whmi/history/time1.htm
The Grasses Still Wave: Waiilatpu Over Time - National Park Service "Why was Waiilatpu preserved? It is because of the human story - the survival, change, and conflict that took place among the grasses make Waiilatpu a place worthy of memory by all people who may learn from it."
http://www.trailtribes.org/umatilla/whos-who.htm#cayuse
This site studies the Lewis and Clark Expedition and cultural changes since the journey. Native American, historical, and scientific perspectives are presented. Select a section of the map to access video clips and information on traditional and contemporary culture of the area. Tribes discussed include the Lakota, Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara, Blackfoot, Shoshone, Bannock, Umatilla, Walla Walla, Cayuse, and Chinook. From the University of Montana-Missoula.
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/hist2.html#external
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation - Describes the effects of external forces on the Cayuse people.
Missionaries:
National Park Service -
http://www.nps.gov/whmi/educate/whmitg/whmitg.htm#class
Detailed biographical information about the Whitmans and other missionaries in the Northwest is included in the comprehensive web site. Students can use primary sources (maps), photos, activities, and related links.
http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/road2oregon/sa07whitman.htmlPRINT: NON-FICTION:
_____. Statue of Marcus Whitman, Presented in the Rotunda, United States Capitol. US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 1955. EVHS Library Call # 917.753 ACC.
Buerge, David M. Roots and Branches: The Religious Heritage of Washington State. Church Council of Greater Seattle. Seattle, WA. 1988. EVHS Library Call # 2912.09797 BUE. (2)
Cox, Ross. Adventures on the Columbia River, An Overland Journey in the Fur-Trade Country. Binfords & Mort, Portland, OR. ND. EVHS Library Call # 917.95 COX.
Crutchfield, James A. It Happened in Washiington. Falcon Press. Helena, MT. 1995. Jernegan Collection.
Duncan, Don. Washington: The First One Hundred Years, 1889-1989. Seattle Times, 1989. (A compilation of newspaper articles.) EVHS Library Call # 979.7 DUN HONORS.
Gay, Elliott. Yesterday and the Day Before. Privately Published. 1975. EVHS Library Call # 979.797 GAY.
Jeffery, Julie Roy. "Empty Harvest at Waiilatpu". COLUMBIA MAGAZINE, Fall, 1992, p22. EVHS Library.
Johansen, Dorothy O. Empire of the Columbia. Harper & Row. 1957. Jernegan Collection.
Lambert, Dale. Pacific Northwest: Past, Present and Future. Directed Media. Wenatchee, WA. 1979. Jernegan Collection.
Lashnits, Tom. The Columbia River. Chelsea House. Philadelphia. 2004. EVHS Library Call # 979.7 LAS.
Meinig, D.W. Great Columbia Plain; A Historical Geographyl 1805-1910. University of Washington Press. Seattle. 1968. Jernegan Collection.
Olson, Joan. Washington Times and Trails. Windyridge Press. Rogue River, OR. 1970. Jernegan Collection.
People of the Western Range: Indians of the Western Range. Time-Life Books. Alexandria, Virginia. 1995. EVHS Library Call # 979 PEO.
Scofield, William E. Northwest Heritage. Amsco School Publications. NY,NY. 1978. Jernegan Collection.
Scott, James W. Historical Atlas of Washington. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, OK. 1988. EVHS Library Call # 911.797 HONORS.
Smith, Ronald O. Rendezvous in the Pacific Northwest. Great Western Publishing. Portland. 1979. Jernegan Collection.
Thompson, Erwin N. Shallow Grave at Waiilatpu: The Sagers' West. Oregon Historical Society. Portland, OR. 1973. EVHS Library Call # 979.9 THO.
White, Sid, ed. Peoples of Washington, Perspectives on Cultural Diversity. WSU Press. Pullman, WA. 1989. EVHS Library Call# 979.7 PEO HONORS.
FICTION:Binns, Archie. Mighty Mountain. Binfords & Mort. Portland, OR. 1940. EVHS Library Call # FIC BIN.
Emmons, Della Gould. Leschi of the Nisquallies. T.S. Dennison. Minneapolis. 1965. EVHS Library Call # FIC EMM.
Gregory, Kristina. Across the Wide Lonesome Prairie: The Oregon Trail Diary of Hattie Campbell, 1847. Scholastic Books, NY. ND. EVHS Library Call # FIC GRE. (2)